Spring Festival at the beginning of the year： the history and culture of the Spring Festival

Xiao Fang is the director, professor and doctoral supervisor of anthropology and folklore in School of Social Sciences, Beijing Normal University. He studied under Mr. Zhong Jingwen, the "father of China folklore", and has been deeply involved in folklore, intangible cultural heritage, rural social governance and other research fields for a long time. He has written a lot in the fields of festivals, traditional etiquette and culture, presided over many major and key scientific research projects at the national, provincial and ministerial levels, published more than ten books and published more than 100 academic papers. He has won many academic awards from the government and industry, and won the 2022 China Intangible Cultural Heritage Person of the Year.

　　On January 29th, workers hung red lanterns in Pingyao Ancient City, Jinzhong City, Shanxi Province. Xinhua news agency

　　On January 29, in a small commodity market in Hai ‘an City, Jiangsu Province, customers were shopping for Spring Festival ornaments. Xinhua news agency

　　On January 30, citizens bought goods at a folk festival in Xi ‘an, Shaanxi Province. Xinhua news agency

　　On January 12, teachers and children in a kindergarten in Pingxiang County, Xingtai City, Hebei Province cut window grilles together. Xinhua news agency

　　On January 30th, children selected red lanterns at the gaomi city New Year Collection in Weifang. Xinhua news agency

The Spring Festival is the first festival of the Chinese nation and plays an important role in the history of Chinese civilization. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out, "The Spring Festival is a wonderful moment to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new, which will always bring people new expectations." Chinese New Year in Chinese is a "year of time" and a "year of culture" with profound affection. Traditional festivals represented by the Spring Festival bear rich cultural connotations and values, condense the cultural blood and ideological essence of the Chinese nation, and accumulate national spirit and feelings of home and country. Today, we will review and discuss the history and culture of the Spring Festival, review the manners and customs of the Spring Festival and feel the cultural charm of the Spring Festival.

Spring Festival at the beginning of the year is beyond the Millennium: Spring Festival and New Year in different historical periods

In the traditional sense, the Spring Festival is based on the year-end and the beginning of the year, which is called "New Year" in folk customs. Its core content is to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new, and to pray for reunion. Around New Year’s Eve and New Year’s Eve, we have formed a variety of festival customs.

(A) Xia, Shang and Zhou New Year’s Eve

The Spring Festival we are talking about today is a time range of ancient years, which has a history of at least 3,000 years in China, and its emergence is directly related to the formation of the concept of ancient calendar years. In essence, it originated from the time feeling and time consciousness of ancient ancestors. The ancients took astronomy, phenology and personnel activities as important references for time changes, and the concept of time cycle of years should have been mastered by people before Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. "Er Ya Shi Tian" said: "Summer is the year of the year, Shang is the year of worship, Zhou is the year of the year, and Tang Yu is the year of the year." Years, sacrifices, years, and years are all names people use for an annual cycle.

The word "Nian" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is an ideographic character for people to carry grain, which refers to the harvest. In Shuo Wen Jie Zi, it is also said: "Year is ripe." After the harvest of crops, people will hold celebrations, offer sacrifices to the gods, thank them for their gifts, and pray for a bumper harvest next year. In the Zhou Dynasty, agriculture was the foundation of the country, and harvest was a great event in the dynasty. Therefore, taking the harvest period of grain as the name of the annual time, the New Year and the New Year became the most desirable days in Chinese.

(2) Zhengdan and Yuanzheng in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties

Taking the first day of the first month as the New Year began in the Han Dynasty. In the first year of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty, the first month of the summer calendar was officially determined as the beginning of the year. Since then, although the calendar has been revised and changed for more than 2,000 years, the beginning time of the first month has not changed. The name of New Year’s Day has changed frequently, but the custom pattern of New Year’s Day is still passed down. The Book of Records of the Historian Tianguan says: "The first month of the first month is the beginning of the year." The New Year begins on the first day of the first lunar month, and the government must hold a grand court meeting, while the people should clean the environment, offer sacrifices to their ancestors and pay homage to the clansmen.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the beginning of the year was called Yuan Zheng, Yuan Ri and Yuan Hui. The Chronicle of Jingchu Years, written by Zong Gu of the Southern Dynasties, records the folk customs of Jingchu New Year Festival, which is the first book to completely record the festival system in China. According to the book, in the Yuan Dynasty, people crowed, first set off firecrackers in front of the gate, "to ward off evil spirits in the mountains", and then the family members paid homage to their elders in turn. Wine is an indispensable drink in the New Year’s Festival. "Just start drinking evil wine, and live a long life in the New Year." (Yu Xin’s "Poems on the Drinking of the Prince of Zhao in Zhengdanmeng") The drinking order in the Yuan Dynasty of the Six Dynasties started from the young age, because "the young one gets old, and the wine is celebrated first". This reflects Chinese’s love and expectation for children.

(3) Yuan Day and New Year’s Day in Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties

Spring Festival in Sui and Tang Dynasties is called Yuanri, Nianri and Yuanzheng. January Day is a festival of the Spring Festival, "People sing and drink at the age of three, and flowers dance to make the Tang Dynasty spring" (Lu Zhaolin’s "Memorizing the Spring Festival"). The Spring Festival has become a government official holiday since the Tang Dynasty. In the Kaiyuan period of Tang Dynasty, the "False Ning Order" stipulated that the January Day and the Winter Solstice were given seven days off each. Every January, the court will hold an early ceremony to celebrate the New Year. People will also have family reunion and hold a banquet to celebrate on January Day. Therefore, we saw Bai Juyi reunited with his family in Jiangnan and felt the warmth of family. There is a poem to prove it: "My brother and sister, my wife, my little nephew, simple and naive helped me to have fun. Push the blue-tailed wine after the new year’s lamp, and persuade the rubber teeth first in the spring dish. Although it is sighing, the reunion of flesh and blood can be honored. " ("On the New Year’s Day, the family banquet shows the brothers and nephews, etc., and presents Zhang Shi Yu’s twenty-eight Zhang Yin judges and twenty-three brothers"). The custom of keeping the old age was popular in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and even Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, was excited about it. He wrote the poem "Keeping the old age", saying: "Celebrate the new and the old, and welcome it all night."

The customs of Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties are similar, and they all call the Spring Festival Yuan Day or New Year’s Day and New Year’s Day. Zhengdan Chaohui ceremony is still an important ceremony of the royal family, and the folk New Year Festival is equally festive and lively, and people greet each other and send them back.

(D) Modern Chinese New Year

After the Revolution of 1911 overthrew the Qing Dynasty and established the Republic of China, China introduced the Gregorian calendar time system, and official festivals were separated from traditional folk festivals. On January 1, 1912, after Sun Yat-sen took office as interim president in Nanjing, he officially electrified the provinces: "The Republic of China changed to the solar calendar, and November 13, the year of the Yellow Emperor, was the New Year’s Day of the first year of the Republic of China." In January, 1914, the proposal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Beijing Government to designate New Year’s Day as the Spring Festival was approved. As a result, the traditional lunar new year’s eve was officially renamed as "Spring Festival", and the traditional New Year’s Day and New Year’s names were placed on January 1 of the Gregorian calendar.

In 1949, People’s Republic of China (PRC) was founded, and the calendar adopted the method of A.D. Chronology. On December 23, 1949, the Twelfth Government Affairs Meeting of the State Council of the Central People’s Government adopted the Measures for Holidays on National New Year’s Day and Memorial Day, which stipulated that the Spring Festival was a legal holiday.

After the 1980s, with the deepening of the reform and opening up, traditional festivals gradually showed a revival trend, which was more and more welcomed and valued by Chinese people. As a folk festival in China, the Spring Festival is playing an increasingly important role in people’s minds. It is not only a common festival for Chinese people living in the motherland, but also an important traditional festival for all Chinese and overseas Chinese.

Farewell the old year and welcome the new year of reunion: a selection of Chinese New Year etiquette and customs

We often say that the "New Year" consists of three major links: bidding farewell to the old year, keeping the old year in the group and welcoming the new year. Its main festivals and customs are: sending the kitchen god, sweeping away dust, picking up ancestors, preparing food for the New Year’s Festival, shaving and bathing, decorating the doorways with spring festival couplets, cleaning clothes, New Year’s Eve dinner, lucky money, observing the New Year, setting off firecrackers, picking up the God of Wealth, celebrating the New Year, climbing high every day, and He Xinchun. The festival customs are vivid and rich, full of the beauty of ethics, emotion, art and wisdom, rich in national culture and showing the beautiful pursuit of value.

(A) Resignation etiquette and customs

Year is the time node of the alternation of the old and the new, and it is the foundation of the new custom to say goodbye to the old and welcome the new. As the saying goes, "being new is called being virtuous", we in Chinese have always had a sense of innovation. At the end of the year, we will hold various folk rituals to send away the old year and the cold winter, and make material, social and spiritual preparations for welcoming the New Year. The core of the year of resignation from Laba, that is, Xie Nian, is to adjust and improve various interpersonal relationships in the past year, usually in the form of annual gifts and gatherings to express mutual respect and gratitude to nature, friends and relatives, peers, employers and employees, owners and customers.

Etiquette and custom for the New Year mainly include three parts: sympathy, drinking together, environmental purification and individual cleaning.

The New Year’s greetings are mainly gifts between relatives and friends. At the turn of the year, winter and spring, people express their feelings and warmth in the cold season. The traditional New Year’s greeting is of practical significance in the contemporary era, which can be transformed into a charitable New Year’s greeting. For example, rich families use the New Year’s greeting to give material support to poor relatives and friends; Another custom that deserves to be advocated is that party committees and governments at all levels offer special condolences to the cadres and the masses who have difficulties in life at the end of the year, which reflects the concern and assistance of the party and the state to the socially disadvantaged groups.

"Inviting wine and food to bid farewell to the old year" is one of the important forms of the custom of resigning the new year, which has existed since more than 1000 years ago. At the end of the year and winter is cold, people’s families and all walks of life hold year-end parties to connect their feelings. This form is called "tail teeth" in the southeast of China.

In addition to asking questions and feasting, the etiquette and customs of the New Year also include saying goodbye to all things in nature and gods, cleaning the environment, and cleaning the self-spirit and body. At the end of the year, people not only pay close attention to buying new year’s goods and preparing new year’s food, but also respect their ancestors’ nature. Among them, the kitchen god sacrifice is the most interesting. According to the folk song, "Twenty-three, king of people", the Kitchen God belongs to one of the five sacrifices in the pre-Qin period, and is the God of fire at home and the God of family style supervision, and is called "the head of the family" by northerners. When people are offering sacrifices, the kitchen god is enchanted with distiller’s grains and kitchen candy. "God says good things and returns to the palace for good luck."

"Twenty-four, dust." On the 24th of the twelfth lunar month, when the Kitchen God was sent away, it was time for people to clean and wash, and to welcome the New Year cleanly. After cleaning, New Year pictures will be hung, Spring Festival couplets will be posted and doors will be decorated. The earliest theme of New Year pictures was the door god, which was popular in Han and Tang Dynasties. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the themes became extensive, with festive and auspicious contents, including "Carp Jumping from the Dragon Gate", "More than one year after another", "happy ever after", "Three Friends in the Cold Year", "Fu Lushou", "Blessing by the Immortals", "heavenly god blesses the people" and "Lucky for Wealth".

Spring Festival couplets are an important item to show the festive atmosphere of the New Year Festival, and also a declaration of family hopes. Before the Song and Ming Dynasties, people put peach symbols on their doorways to eliminate evil. After the Song and Ming Dynasties, sticking Spring Festival couplets began to become a widely popular custom of welcoming the spring, which meant welcoming Naji. In the Qing Dynasty, since Beijing entered the twelfth lunar month, there have been literati laying out console tables under the eaves of market shops, which are called "Book Spring", "Book Red", "Learning Books by Borrowing Paper" and "Dyeing Years". Spring Festival couplets are generally dual upper and lower couplets, paying attention to even and flat meter and neat antithesis, and judging by "flat collection", the first couplet is posted on the left side of the door, and the second couplet is posted on the right side of the door. Some people also determine the position of the upper and lower conjunctions by the left and right position of the first word of the lintel. Couplets of auspicious words have placed special expectations on people.

In addition to the brand-new doors, people should clean themselves, get a haircut, take a bath, get rid of the dirt for a year and get good luck in the New Year. At the end of the year, the etiquette and customs highlight that people should clean up everything in the old year and make material, social and spiritual preparations for the renewal of everything in the world.

(B) "Chinese New Year" reunion customs

The etiquette and custom of New Year’s reunion is the highlight of New Year’s Festival, the key link of New Year’s Festival ceremony and the climax of New Year’s Festival.

First of all, New Year’s Eve. The most important thing to go home for the New Year is the New Year’s Eve dinner. This is the most abundant meal of the year, which embodies the feelings and beliefs of the China family. The dishes in the New Year’s Eve dinner are symbolic, and both the north and the south will emphasize the auspicious meaning. In southern China, there are two dishes for the New Year’s Eve dinner: one is a fish with a complete head and tail, which symbolizes that there is more than one year; The second is meatballs, commonly known as mariko in the south, which symbolizes round and round. In the old days, it was not easy for the poor in mountainous areas to get a fish for the New Year. In some places, it was necessary to replace it with a carved wooden fish. No matter how difficult it was, it was full of expectations for future life. Others, such as "Family Fun" in Suzhou, Jiangsu, "Ten Scenery Cuisine" in Nanjing, "Anle Cuisine" made by dried Portulaca oleracea in Yingshan, Hubei, and "Ruyi Cuisine" made by soybean sprouts, all take their auspicious meanings.

In southern Fujian, many New Year’s Day foods have symbolic meanings. For example, leek is a novelty in the Spring Festival, and later generations think that "leek" and "long" are homophonic, meaning long life. In the New Year, the family sat around the table with the stove. The elders read "Spring of leeks, eating leftovers (spring)" and took the lead in eating a pinch of leeks. The whole family followed the chopsticks to eat leeks, wishing each other happiness while tasting. Tofu is homophonic with "fighting for wealth", which means abundance. There is a folk saying that "leek is spring and tofu is blessing". Bamboo shoots, meaning high; Meat balls (pills), fish balls (pills) and family reunion are collectively called "three circles"; There is also a New Year’s Eve dish made of whole chicken. In Minnan, "chicken" is homophonic with "home", which means family photo. Eat some oranges after meals, which means good luck; Bite some sugar cane, and expect it to be sweet and step by step.

Of course, there are regional differences between the North and the South in the New Year’s Eve. In the North, jiaozi is usually eaten in the New Year, which means making a fortune and being lucky in the New Year. Jiaozi originated very early in China, which may be a holiday food differentiated from wonton food. Except for jiaozi, the traditional Beijingers’ New Year’s Eve dinner is bound to be wasted, and the homonym "must be neat" means that the family must be neat.

Secondly, lucky money. Lucky money is one of the contents of the manners and customs of the Youth League, which contains the blessings of the elders to the younger generation and is the most anticipated New Year gift for children. Legend has it that lucky money originated earlier, but it really became popular after the Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are two kinds of lucky money: special money (similar to today’s commemorative coins) and general money. When children get lucky money, they can spend it on their own and buy firecrackers, lanterns and so on. They are looking forward to the New Year, and they are looking forward to this happiness. Of course, we say that lucky money is a blessing from elders to their children, and its symbolic meaning is greater than its actual value. If it goes beyond the scope of family blessings, it will be a departure from the original intention of traditional Chinese New Year’s festivals and customs, and even become a human burden, which is not conducive to family harmony and social harmony.

Finally, the birthday celebration. Celebrating the New Year is a custom for family members to sit around the fire all night and wait for the arrival of the New Year. After the New Year’s Eve dinner, each family kept their doors closed, and the whole family chatted about the past and the future, and talked about everything until midnight. In the Jin Dynasty, observing the age was only a local custom in Sichuan, and in the Tang Dynasty, it had become a common annual custom in society. At the age of 39, Du Fu went to his cousin Du Wei’s home and wrote "Keeping the Year in A Rong’s Home, the pepper plate has already sung flowers" ("Keeping the Year in Du Wei’s House"); Su Dongpo in the Song Dynasty also said: "Children are strong enough not to sleep, and they are happy at night" (Shousui). Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the custom of keeping the old age is still lively and interesting, and it also adds contents with family ethics connotation, such as praying for the elders in the family. Nowadays, it is often the Spring Festival Gala of the Central Radio and Television General Station that accompanies the observance of the new year, and people greet the new year with the new year bell.

(3) Greeting the New Year and greeting the New Year.

First of all, welcome the new year. We often say that "firecrackers sound like firecrackers except one year old". When the new year comes, people will set off firecrackers to welcome the new year. The activity of setting off New Year firecrackers in Chinese originated from primitive religious beliefs and has a very long history. It is recorded in the Chronicle of Jingchu’s Years Old that on the first day of the first month, "the cock crows before the firecrackers in front of the court".

In the Song Dynasty, in addition to the traditional natural firecrackers, gunpowder firecrackers also appeared, which not only made a thunderous explosion sound, but also emitted smoke. Because this smoke has the effect of killing germs in the air, people often set off firecrackers when the plague occurs. According to historical records, in Beijing in the Qing Dynasty, "the sound of firecrackers was like thunder and thunder, all over the ruling and opposition parties". On New Year’s Eve in Nanpi County, Tianjin, firecrackers drove away the epidemic, the fire was burning in front of the door, and fireworks were screaming. People shouted in unison: "Big families have no worries, small families have no worries, the world is clear, and the people have no worries." (Guangxu "Tianjin Fuzhi"). People pray for peace and good luck in the years to come through such shouts. In the early 1990s, many cities banned the setting off of fireworks and firecrackers on the grounds of safety and hygiene. Around 2006, Shanghai, Beijing and other cities successively changed the regulations prohibiting the setting off of firecrackers in urban areas during the Spring Festival, and replaced the previous complete ban with a limited ban. Around 2013, many cities across the country tightened the policy of setting off fireworks and firecrackers due to serious smog.

Secondly, celebrate the New Year and welcome the Spring. In the traditional society of China, there are certain rules and orders for the people to pay New Year’s greetings. The court followed the ancient ceremony of announcing the new moon, held a grand court meeting on January, and the emperor accepted the greetings from civil and military officials.

In the folk, the New Year greeting ceremony is also particularly important. As the saying goes, "I would rather owe people money than years." Year is a human sentiment and an important time for the adjustment of non-governmental relations. There are many stresses on New Year’s greetings, and the order is first at home and then outside: on the first day of the first year, I worship my ancestors and elders at home; In the second day, I began to go out to worship my in-laws and neighbors. Generally speaking, New Year greetings are auspicious. For example, the New Year gift in Lishui, Zhejiang Province is wrapped in thick paper with white sugar, rock sugar, longan, litchi, etc., commonly known as "gift package". This kind of gift package usually weighs about a catty, and is mainly used to express one’s mind.

Finally, try a new taste of spring, that is, eat spring cakes and spring rolls and drink spring wine. In ancient times, there was a so-called "offering lambs to sacrifice leeks", and the rituals and customs of welcoming the spring were naturally indispensable. At the beginning of the year, people welcome spring by eating new seasonal dishes such as leeks, lettuce and radishes. Spring cake is more typical, it is a kind of thin cake wrapped in lettuce. In addition, there are spring rolls, which are similar to spring cakes in modern beginning of spring. The way to do this is to wrap the stuffing in thin dough and then fry it, which has the characteristics of thin skin, yellow color, crispy, tender and delicious. Most modern cities and villages inherit the holiday custom of eating spring rolls in the New Year, and the meaning of welcoming the Spring is self-evident.

During the Tang and Song Dynasties, people called New Year’s wine Tu Su wine, such as Wang Anshi’s poem: "Spring breeze sends warmth into Tu Su." During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, people feasted their guests and friends by drinking spring wine. "Inviting spring wine" is one of the old New Year customs in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. "Inviting guests and friends to have a banquet in the New Year is called inviting spring wine". In Hubei area, the new wife who got married in the first year will receive special courtesy at the beginning of the first month, and each family will have a banquet, which is a folk ceremony for the new couple to integrate into their relatives and friends. During the Chinese New Year, wine is still an important holiday drink to add festive atmosphere.

In China society, driven by the consciousness of time renewal and based on the feelings of home and country, people integrate humanistic care and life consciousness into three major links: the etiquette and custom of celebrating the New Year, the etiquette and custom of celebrating the New Year and welcoming the Spring in the New Year, and connect nature and society, home and country in the interaction of the etiquette and custom of the New Year.

Contemporary Value of Spring Festival Culture

By understanding the history and custom culture of the Spring Festival, we can appreciate the rich cultural value contained and passed down.

First, the Spring Festival is the aggregation of national spirit and emotion, which can be seen from the contemporary Spring Festival travel rush where hundreds of millions of people flow every year. We need a "post station" like the Spring Festival. At the end of the year, we return to our hometown and family, get emotional nourishment in the Spring Festival reunion with relatives and friends and the New Year greetings, appreciate the development and progress of the country and the family in retrospect, and let the feelings of home and country be more firmly cultivated in the Spring Festival culture. Such festive atmosphere and emotion are of great practical significance to the stability and harmony of the country and society.

Second, the Spring Festival is a concentrated and important embodiment of Chinese excellent traditional culture. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader attached great importance to the inheritance and development of Chinese excellent traditional culture and put forward the "second combination", that is, combining the basic principles of Marxism with Chinese excellent traditional culture. Today, to understand China culturally, we must consider two basic facts: the background of the road, theory and system in contemporary China is Marxism; Contemporary China is built on the civilization history of more than 5,000 years, which is not only the sublimation of historical China, but also the continuation of historical China. Spring Festival is a window for us to perceive "historical China" and the key for us to understand "two combinations". It creates a peaceful atmosphere through various festivals and customs, so that people can realize the integration and unity of family, community and society in the ritual exchanges of resigning the Year, celebrating the Year of the League and celebrating the New Year.

Thirdly, the Spring Festival culture also profoundly embodies the natural ethical value of harmonious coexistence between man and nature. At the beginning of the year, the solar terms in beginning of spring are the first of the four seasons. Chinese regards the four seasons as the living organism, and thinks that the rhythm of human life is synchronized with the seasonal sequence. Among them, spring is the season when all things revive and life forces start to grow. People stimulate the vitality of life through folk activities and welcoming ceremonies during the Spring Festival. Chinese-style modernization is the modernization in which man and nature coexist harmoniously. The Spring Festival, with its rich ecological and ethical connotation, deeply conforms to the concept of sustainable development in modern society, and makes the concepts of respecting nature, being kind to nature, thanking nature, adapting to nature and protecting nature deeply rooted in people’s hearts.

Fourth, the Spring Festival is an important opportunity to unite the feelings and beliefs of Chinese people around the world, and it is a common cultural symbol of Chinese people around the world. With the increase of overseas Chinese and the expansion of social influence, the Spring Festival will become an important time for the inheritance and display of local Chinese culture in places where Chinese live in compact communities all over the world. Looking around the world, about one fifth of the population are celebrating the Spring Festival in different forms. Every year, there are large-scale Spring Festival Galas in new york, Paris, Yokohama, Kuala Lumpur and other places in China. The Spring Festival provides people with an opportunity for gathering and entertainment, and creates a "window of time" for Chinese sons and daughters all over the world to cultivate their sense of roots, which makes our feeling of "being one in the four seas" more profound and vivid.

Fifth, the Spring Festival goes to the world, and the world embraces it. With the strengthening of China’s cultural soft power, the Spring Festival is becoming a worldwide holiday symbol and a global celebration across geographical and cultural boundaries. I think one of the important reasons is that the Spring Festival contains the common ideas of human civilization, such as family harmony, social tolerance, harmonious coexistence between man and nature, and has the outstanding value of strengthening historical ethics, family ethics and natural ethics.

General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "Celebrate the new year and the old year together, and welcome them all night." After a busy year, the whole family had a New Year’s Eve dinner together, and kept the old age together, enjoying the happiness of family and the beauty of life. What we attach importance to and inherit is not only the festival form of the Spring Festival, but also the value of "home" contained in it. The rich connotation of the Spring Festival etiquette and custom culture is in harmony with the socialist core values, which makes our annual festival etiquette and custom richer and more vivid. In today’s economic globalization, China’s Spring Festival celebrations and annual festivals have made important contributions to show the modern civilization of the Chinese nation to the whole world.

(Guangming Net reporter Jin Lingbing finishing)