How did the famous Tang Dynasty Li Jing become the ＂King of Tota＂？

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　　The Journey to the West, a mythical novel in the Ming Dynasty, said: The Jade Emperor granted Sun Monkey the position of Bi Mawen, but Sun Monkey was angry and went down to the Heavenly Palace. The Jade Emperor decided to capture him, and Tota King Li Jing and his son Nezha, the third prince, requested to perform the task, and the second prince Mu Cha also took part in the battle. King Tota is the highest military officer in heaven. He will mobilize four kings and twenty-eight lodgers to fight, and there will be giant spirits, fish bellies, medicine forks and so on. These statements come from two aspects: Buddhist myths and historical figures.

　　Investigating Buddhist myths, there is such a development track: in the early days of Tang Gaozong’s reign, a statue was made in Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, and the image of King Tota appeared on the left side of Lushena Buddha statue. This is the King of Vishamen, the most famous king in the north among the four great kings of Buddhism. King Pishamen has a wide range of beliefs in folk customs. During Emperor Taizong’s reign, monks preached in Ximing Temple in Chang ‘an and fell on the steps in the middle of the night. Somehow, a young man came to support him, claiming, "An extraordinary person, that is, Nezha, the son of the King of Pishamen, protected the law and supported the monk."

　　In the 22nd year of Taizong Zhenguan (648), the regime of Khotan (now Hotan County, Xinjiang) was attached to the Tang Dynasty. In the second year of Emperor Gaozong’s reign (675), Jimi House was set up in the local area, named Pisha Dufu, and was under the jurisdiction of Anxi Dufu (now in Kuche County, Xinjiang). In this way, it is easy for people to attach the King of Pisha as the king of Pisha’s viceroy. Introducing Buddhist gods into the war has a long history in the Tang Dynasty. In 697, the first year of the magical power of the Wu Zhou Dynasty, the Khitan invaded the country on a large scale. On the one hand, Wu Zetian sent troops to fight against it, and on the other hand, he ordered Hua Yanzong’s monk to hide in Luoyang, the capital of God, to "stop the abuse of bandits according to Confucian classics".

　　Fazang established 11 Dojo, set up Guanyin Bodhisattva, and walked the streets. A few days later, the army of Wu Zhou seen by the Qidan army became "numerous gods and kings" and saw "the statue of Guanyin floating in the air", so the morale of the army was in chaos and it was defeated by Wu Zhou. Wu Zetian paid tribute to Fazang and said, "Outside the city of Ji (originally mistaken for Kuai) (now Beijing), soldiers heard the sound of drums; In Liangxiang County, thieves saw the statue of Guanyin. The wine flow is willing to be blocked, and the fairy driver leads the army. This magic weapon was swept away by Gai Cili. "

　　During the Xuanzong period of the Tang Dynasty, three Indian monks, Subhakara simha, King Kong Zhi and Bukong, came to China to establish Tantric Buddhism. I have translated many ancient books and records, such as The Prajna Paramita Sutra for Protecting the Country by Benevolent King, The Prajna Paramita Sutra for Protecting the Country by Benevolent King, etc. He was invited to intervene in the war in the Tang Dynasty. Instead of being kind to Guanyin, he invited the King of Vishamen. At that time, there were two kinds of sayings. One was that even soldiers from Tubo and other countries invaded Khotan, and at night, they saw the King Xiansheng of Pishamen: "The Golden Man wore his hair and walked on the city with a halberd." As a result, "tens of millions of Tubo people know that they are suffering from sores, and they can’t win." The king of Pishamen turned into a group of black rats and bit off the bow string of Tubo, resulting in "Tubo escaping from illness."

　　The other is: Tubo invaded Anxi, and Xuanzong thought that Anxi was 12,000 miles away from Chang ‘an, and it would take eight months for reinforcements to arrive, so it was too late to rescue him. Someone suggested setting up an altar in Chang ‘an, and asking the heavenly king of Pishamen to rescue him. Xuanzong was holding a censer, and he read the Secret Language of the Benevolent King for fourteen times. Suddenly, a military man appeared in front of him in the biography of the Benevolent King, and he said, "The heavenly king sent his two sons to save Anxi, and he came to say goodbye to your majesty." Later, Anxi reported: "Soldiers were seen in the clouds thirty miles northeast of the city, each one ten feet long, about five or six miles long. At the end of the day, the drums sounded, and the shock was three hundred miles. After stopping for two days, Kangju and other five countries withdrew troops, and there were golden rats biting bowstrings, crossbows and equipment in their camp. In a moment, the king of the North Building appeared. "

　　Xuanzong then ordered all localities to build Tianwang Temple, shaping the image of "wearing golden armor, holding halberd in the right hand and holding the tower in the left hand"; The army made a flag of the image of the heavenly king, and when it left the army, it was sacrificed with "Sacrifice to Wang Wen of Pishamen". The memorial said: "The King of Pisha … is the northern part of the town, caring for all things, and the barbarians are rebellious, and they punish foreigners with their own hands. ….. Pagoda in hand, shining golden quilt. ….. Five ghosts and gods, goblins from all directions, with different shapes and feathers, or three sides and six hands, or one side and four eyes, eyes as blue as blue, teeth as fire, claws hooked and exposed, depending on lightning, having sex, sucking wind and blowing frost and hail. It is also arrogant, clearing the sea, pulling out Sumeru (mountain), destroying the wind wheel, and surrounding the mountain with powder iron, and calling at will, salty and driven. If the country respects Buddhism and protects the law and demons, … The heavenly king should show great compassion and protect his thoughts to help our soldiers and kill the other. "

　　When the Anshi Rebellion broke out, it was very difficult for Tang Tingping to quell rebellion, and he sought the spirit of Buddhism even more. When I was in Tang Suzong, the monk Hui Gan made a summary of the Classic of the Benevolent King, and asked Wang Wei to write a table and present it to the imperial court. "Give me a demon atmosphere, you will gain insight into the sun, learn to serve the benevolent king, 5,000 good gods, and always defend the paradise." In Tang Daizong, the rebels seduced Tubo and invaded Uighur. In order to retreat from the enemy, Dai Zong organized troops to resist, on the other hand, he sent people disguised as bodhisattvas and ghosts and gods, guided by music and honor guards, and hundreds of officials greeted him at Guangshun Gate, and distributed the "Renwang Jing" hidden in the palace to Zisheng Temple and Ximing Temple. Please do not leave a hundred-foot-high seat to give lectures, and go to the scene to pay homage yourself. These activities will undoubtedly add fuel to the flames of the belief in the King of Heaven in Pishamen. By the time The Journey to the West wrote the book, he had gone through a long process of making gods. The king of Tota changed from Vishnu to Li Jing, and Vishnu and other four kings came second, and that became the third son, and the second son was named Mu Cha. This kind of situation is common in folklore and need not be taken seriously.

　　To investigate historical figures, we must pull Li Jing, a strategist in the early Tang Dynasty. Longmen statue, shortly after his death, the statue of King Tota here will never refer to him. The Journey to the West’s description of King Tota as him certainly needs sufficient reasons, that is, he has outstanding military talents.

　　Li Jing, formerly known as Li Yaoshi, was born in Sanyuan, Yongzhou (now Sanyuan County, Shaanxi Province). In his later years, he was named the Duke of Wei by Emperor Taizong. Since he was a child, he has been praised by his uncle Han Qinhu, who is a famous soldier: "He can be compared with Sun Tzu and Wu Zhi, but he is a man of Sri Lanka." He fought many wars in his life, which showed his superb military talent.

　　After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, we started to unify the whole country. In the fourth year of Wude (621), the war to pacify the separatist forces in the south was put on the agenda. Before this, Li Jing was ordered to go to Jiangling (now Jingzhou City, Hubei Province) to collect Xiao Xian. At this time, he presented Tang Gaozu with ten tricks to pacify Xiao Xian. Emperor Gaozu adopted, appointed Li Xiaogong, the king of Zhao County, the imperial clan, as the general manager of Jingxiang Road, and recruited Bashu soldiers to perform tasks. Considering that Li Xiaogong had no military experience, he appointed Li Jingshe to take charge of the military and govern the twelve general managers, from Kuizhou (now fengjie county, Chongqing) down the Yangtze River; Gaozu also deployed three divisions to cooperate with other directions. In September, the autumn rain continued and the river surged.

　　Xiao Xian thought that the water in the 400-mile area of the Three Gorges was so fast that Excavate wouldn’t risk sailing, so he didn’t set up troops to guard against it along the river. Excavate decided to take it by surprise and set off with his army. The generals all requested to suspend their actions until the weather clears and the water recedes. Li Jing said: "The soldiers are expensive and fast, and it is now or never. Today, the soldiers began to gather, and the milling has not yet been known. If we take advantage of the rising tide, we will suddenly go to the gate. The so-called lightning is too fast to cover our ears, so this strategist is the best policy. Even if he knows me, he will rush to recruit soldiers and have no way to meet the enemy. This will surely be captured. "

　　Li Xiaogong agreed. More than 2,000 warships went down the river, occupied Jingmen and Yidu towns and entered Yiling (now Yichang City, Hubei Province). Xiao Xian’s Ministry of Scholars stationed tens of thousands of soldiers in Qingjiang, and Li Xiaogong defeated him and fled, seizing more than 300 warships, beheading and drowning nearly 10,000 people. Wen Shihong rallied the beaten army to fight again and was defeated again. Gaiyan, the local manager, surrendered to the Tang Dynasty with the land of five states. Tang Jun approached Jiangling, Xiao Xian poured all his troops into the city to attack, and Li Xiaogong was ready to go to war. Li Jing stopped him: "If he saved the defeated division, his strategy was not independent, and the situation could not last long. If he didn’t park on the south bank, he would divide his troops, or stay and refuse me, or stay on his own, and the division of troops was weak. I took advantage of his slack and attacked it, and it was invincible." If you are in a hurry today, you will join forces to fight to the death. The Chu soldiers are sharp and not easy to be. "

　　Li Xiaogong refused, leaving Li Jing to guard the camp, and led his own elite soldiers to battle, and the result was a crushing defeat. All the people in Xiao Xian were filled with the joy of victory. They only wanted to rob Tang Jun’s property, and it was a mess, so it was difficult to walk with heavy load. Li Jing fought bravely and won a great victory, captured its water city and seized a large number of warships. Li Jing suggested that Li Xiaogong put these warships into the river and float them away. The generals all said, "We should use what we have gained by breaking the enemy, but why not abandon it to fund the enemy?" Excavate explained: "The land of Xiao Xian, south of Lingbiao, east of Dongting. I’m hanging in the army. If the siege is not pulled out, there will be four episodes of reinforcements. I’m attacked from the inside and outside, but I can’t get back and forth. Although there is a boat, will I use it? If we abandon the boat and ship today, and let the reinforcements see it, it will be said that Jiangling has been broken, and we dare not enter lightly, and we will wait for it and flood it for ten months. I will take it. " Sure enough, groups of reinforcements saw a large number of warships drifting down the river, thinking that Jiangling had fallen and would not move forward. Xiao Xian had no choice but to open the gate and surrender, and its southern counties joined the Tang Dynasty in succession.

　　In the sixth year of Wude (623), after joining the Tang Dynasty, he was appointed as a servant of Huainan Daoxingtai and launched a rebellion in Danyang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province), claiming to be the emperor and building the Song Dynasty. High-impedance imperial edict Li Xiaogong as marshal, excavate as deputy marshal, at the head of the seven main forces, to suppress. Fu Gong You sent troops to Dangtu (now Dangtu City, Anhui Province) to stop Tang Jun. Feng Huiliang and Chen were in command of thirty thousand shipmen to keep Bowang Mountain, while Chen Zhengtong and Xu Shaozong commanded thirty thousand infantry and cavalry to keep Qinglin Mountain. They pulled an iron lock across the Yangtze River to block the route and built the Moon City in Dangtu (also known as Wengcheng, a semi-circular town used as a shelter outside the city gate), covering a vast area of more than ten miles. As Tang Jun approached, Feng Huiliang and other troops held their ground and did not fight. Li Xiaogong sent troops out of its route for providing foodstuff, Feng Huiliang and other troops were short of foodstuff, and came to attack Li Xiaogong Barracks, but Li Xiaogong did not move. In the second year, Li Xiaogong gathered the generals to discuss the countermeasures. The generals thought: "Hui Liang and Zhengtong hold Qiang Bing together, for the plan of not fighting, the city gate is solid, and the soldiers cannot attack. Please point directly at Danyang and cover its nest. When Danyang is broken, Hui Liang will fall. " Li Xiaogong tends to adopt this opinion.

　　Li Jing disagreed, saying, "Although Gong You is an elite soldier in the Second Army of Land and Water, his self-controlled soldiers are also brave. Hui Liang and other city gates are not yet ready to attack, so it’s hard to pull out the stone (city) as long as it’s protected by the public. If I go to Danyang and stay for ten days, it will be unfair to advance, and Hui Liang will suffer if I retreat, so I am under attack between Scylla and Charybdis. Hui Liang and Zhengtong are both thieves who have survived many battles. They will not be afraid of fighting in the field, but they will be cautious, but they want to learn from me without fighting. If we attack its city gates today, it will be a surprise and an opportunity to destroy the thieves. " Li Xiaogong felt very reasonable, so he sent weak soldiers to attack the enemy’s camp, and assembled good soldiers to be ready. The weak soldiers failed and fled back, and the enemy came after them. The elite soldiers attacked and hit the enemy hard. Li Xiaogong and Li Jing pursued them and fought for hundreds of miles, destroying all the enemy’s camps. The enemy suffered more than 10,000 casualties, and Feng Huiliang and Chen Zhengtong fled. Excavate led the team to get to Danyang first, and Fu Gong was terrified. He abandoned the city and fled. He was captured on the way and sent to Danyang for execution, and the south of the Yangtze River was flat.

　　In the eighth year of Wude (625), Jieli Khan led a Turkish army of 100,000 troops to plunder Shanxi, and Gaozu deployed several Tang Jun troops to resist. The armies were unfavorable, and some even were completely annihilated. Only 10,000 Jianghuai soldiers under the command of Li Jing did not suffer losses. In November of the third year of Zhenguan (629), Emperor Taizong decided to fight back against the Turks, and Li Jingshi was appointed as the minister of war, and he was appointed as the marching manager of Dingxiang Road, and he was responsible for Li Shili, Chai Shao, Xue Wanche and other marching managers, with a total of more than 100,000 troops and four troops.

　　Jie Li Khan’s dental tent was located in Dingxiang (now in Qingshuihe County, Inner Mongolia), and Li Jing led three thousand Xiaoqi, who took a surprise from Mayi (now Shuozhou City, Shanxi Province) and went straight to the evil Yangling in the south of Dingxiang. Jie Li was alarmed and said, "If Tang Bing doesn’t come from the country, how dare Jing come alone?" In the first month of the following year, Li Jing broke Dingxiang, and Jie Li fled to Tieshan (now Baiyun Obo, Inner Mongolia) in a hurry. Other Tang Jun also won brilliant victories.

　　Under the heavy blow of Tang Jun, valerian was so frightened that he sent an envoy to the DPRK to apologize, asking for a domestic attachment and living in Chang ‘an himself. In February, Emperor Taizong sent people to Turkey to express their comfort, and Li Jingling led the troops to meet Jie Li. He and Li Ji met in Baidao (now northwest of Hohhot, Inner Mongolia) and discussed with each other: "Although Jieli was defeated, its numerous people are still prosperous. If you go to the north, you can protect the nine surnames (Uighur tribe), and the road is blocked and far away, so it is difficult to catch up. If the imperial edict is sent to him, he will be lenient. If he chooses to ride 10,000 fine horses and attack them with 30 rations, he can be captured without fighting. " Li Jing told the general Zhang Gongjin of this decision, and Zhang Gongjin said, "The imperial edict has already allowed him to surrender, and the emissary is there, so how can we strike him!" Li Jing said: "This is why Han Xin broke Qi (the Western Han School tried to persuade Qi Wang Tian Guang to submit, Tian Guang withdrew his defense, and Han Xin took advantage of it and sent troops to break it). What pity does Tang Jian have!"

　　Jie Li was very practical when he saw the Tang envoy coming to invite him. Excavate and Li Shiji marched overnight and captured more than a thousand accounts of Turks in Yinshan area. Excavate sent Su Dingfang rate of two hundred riding as a striker, by fog, seven miles away from Tieshan Jieli tooth account, Jieli just found out. Valerian fled by a swift horse, and Tang Jian took advantage of the situation to get away. The army of Li Jing rushed to Tieshan, beheaded more than 10,000 troops and captured more than 100,000 troops. Jie Li wanted to go north to the desert, but because the intersection was guarded by Li Shili, he failed. He diverted to Tuguhun and was captured by Zhang Baoxiang, the chief marching officer of Tangxi Road. With the demise of the Turks, the northern territory of the Tang Dynasty extended from Yinshan Mountain to the desert.

　　Li Jing is old and retired due to illness. Tuguhun, who founded Qinghai, constantly attacked the border, and Taizong made a big crusade, hoping that Li Jing could take command. Excavate heard the news and requested to go out. Emperor Taizong was overjoyed and appointed him as the general manager of Xihai Road March, saving five general managers and Turkic troops to attack Tuguhun. In April of the ninth year of Zhenguan (635), Tuguhun was hit by Tang Jun, burning weeds and surrendering his insurance.

　　The generals all think that "the horse has no grass, is tired and thin, and cannot go deep." Hou Junji, the minister of the Ministry of War and the chief marching officer of Jishidao, disagreed. He thought that Tuguhun "after this defeat, the rats fled and the birds were scattered, and the scouts were also extinct. The monarch and the minister took it away, and the father and son lost each other, so it was easy to pick up mustard. If you don’t take it, you will regret it later." Excavate adopted, overseers led the armies into enemy territory, crossed Jishishan, fought for dozens of rounds before and after, and achieved complete victory.

　　Li Jing not only has rich military practice, but also superb military theory. The History of Song Dynasty (Volume 207) and Six Records of Arts and Literature recorded a variety of Li Jing’s art of war: the Mystery of Tao Zhong, the General Introduction of Tao Zhong, the Notes of the Duke of Wei Guo, the Mirror of Li Jing’s Six Armies and the New Book of Li Jingbing, but when he was in North Song Shenzong, What we can see now is only a part of Li Jing’s Art of War preserved by Du You in the Tang Dynasty. The handed down "Emperor Taizong and Li Weigong Ask Right" is generally considered to be a fake work.

　　In the 14th year of Zhenguan (640), Li Jing’s wife passed away, and Emperor Taizong instructed to build a grave for Li Jing and his wife next to Zhaoling, his own mausoleum. According to the old example of Wei Qing and Huo Qubing, the tomb was built in the shape of Turkic Iron Mountain and Tuguhun Jishishan, in recognition of Li Jing’s special achievements. Nine years later, Li Jing died at the age of 79 and was buried with his wife.

　　Li Jing’s military achievements are far higher than those of other generals in the Tang Dynasty. Gaozu praised many times: "Li Jing is Xiao Xian, Fu Gong, and the ancient famous names Han (Han Xin in the Western Han Dynasty), Bai (Qin Jiang Bai Qi), Wei (Wei Qing) and Huo (Huo Qubing) can’t be compared!" Emperor Taizong praised Li Jing and said, "In the past, Li Ling (a general of the Western Han Dynasty) took 5,000 steps and died, so it was inevitable that he would surrender to the Xiongnu and win the title of bamboo and silk. Qing went deep into the court with 3,000 light rides, overcoming Dingxiang and strengthening Beidi, which was unprecedented in ancient and modern times. "

　　Li Jing was too old to go out to war, but Taizong talked about the other three generals, but it was another evaluation: "Today’s famous generals are only [Li] Shijie, [Li] Daozong and [Xue] Wanche. Shijie and Daozong can’t win big or lose big, and Wan Che will lose big unless they win big." There were quite a few famous soldiers in the Tang Dynasty, some of whom only came to the meeting politically, but the military was not prominent, and some of them were from the Fan nationality and could not be drawn by the Han people to be gods. Moreover, compared with Li Jing, they have no comprehensive experience in water warfare, foot warfare and riding warfare, and no military theoretical works. Therefore, it should be said that it is natural for folk customs to attach Li Jing to the King of Tota during the period from the Tang Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty.

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